Human Swine Influenza 人类猪型流感 

1.   Background 背景

     Swine influenza is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza that regularly causes outbreaks of influenza among pigs.  There are four main influenza type A virus subtypes and most of the recently isolated influenza viruses from pigs have been H1N1 viruses.  Human-to-human transmission of swine flu can occur.

     猪型流感是一种不时会在猪隻间引起流感爆发的甲型流感猪隻呼吸道疾病。在猪隻身上所培养出的流感类别主要有四种；而近期在猪隻间发现的流感则多为甲型流感H1N1 型，能在人与人之间传播。

2.     Clinical Features病征

     The symptoms of swine flu in people are expected to be similar to the symptoms of regular human seasonal influenza and include fever, lethargy, lack of appetite and coughing.  Some people with swine flu also have reported runny nose, sore throat, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.

     人类感染猪型流感的病征预期跟人类感染季节性流感相近，包括发烧、疲惫、食欲不振、咳嗽。有些感染猪型流感的人出现流鼻水、喉咙痛、作呕、呕吐及腹泻。

3.   Transmission Mode传播途径

     Influenza viruses can be directly transmitted from pigs to people and from people to pigs.  Human infection with flu viruses from pigs are most likely to occur when people are in close proximity to infected pigs, such as in pig barns and livestock exhibits housing pigs at fairs.  Human-to-human transmission of swine flu can also occur in the same way as seasonal flu occurs in people, which is mainly person-to-person transmission through coughing or sneezing of people infected with the influenza virus.  People may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose.  

     As per expert’s advice, swine influenza viruses are not transmitted by food.  Eating properly handled and cooked pork and pork products is safe.  Cooking pork to an internal temperature of 71.1^oC (160^oF) kills the swine flu virus as it does other bacteria and viruses.

     流感病毒可由猪隻直接传染人类及由人类传染猪隻。人类由猪隻感染流感病毒大部份是由于近距离接近染病猪隻，例如到过猪棚及牲畜展。人类互相感染猪型流感亦可发生。传染途径相信是通过咳嗽或打喷嚏互相传染。人接触带有流感病毒的对象后接触鼻和口而受感染。

     专家指出猪型流感并非由食物传播。进食经正确处理及煮熟的猪肉及猪肉食品是安全。烹调猪肉至内部温度达摄氏71.1度(华氏160度) ，可杀掉猪型流感病毒及其它细菌及病毒。

4.   Prevention Actions 预防方法

     Since H1N1 swine flu viruses are antigenically very different from human H1N1 viruses, vaccines for human seasonal flu would not provide protection from H1N1 swine flu viruses.  Our colleagues are recommended to take below precautionary measures:-

• Maintain good indoor ventilation.
  
• Observe good personal and environmental hygiene.
  
• Keep hands clean and wash hands properly.  Alcohol-based handrub is also effective when hands are not visibly soiled.
  
• Avoid touching eyes, nose or mouth.  Germs spread that way.
  
• Wash hands with liquid soap promptly if they are contaminated by respiratory tract secretions, such as after sneezing or coughing.
  
• Cover nose and mouth when sneezing or coughing.
  
• No spitting.  Always wrap nasal and mouth discharges with tissue paper, and dispose of the tissue paper properly in rubbish bin.
  
• Wear mask when symptoms of respiratory tract infection or fever develop.  Seek medical advice promptly.

     由于H1N1猪型流感病毒跟人类H1N1病毒的抗原非常不同，所以季节性流感的疫苗未能对H1N1猪型流感病毒提供保护。建议各同事采取以下预防措施:-

‧      确保室内空气流通;

‧      保持良好的个人及环境卫生;

‧      保持双手清洁，并用正确方法洗手。如双手没有明显污垢时，可用酒精搓手液消毒双手;

‧      避免接触眼、鼻及口，因病菌从此途径传播;

‧      双手如被呼吸道分泌物污染，例如打喷嚏或咳嗽后，应立即用皂液洗手;

‧      打喷嚏或咳嗽时应掩口鼻;

‧      不要随地吐痰，应将口鼻分泌物用纸巾包好，弃置于有盖垃圾箱内;

‧      有呼吸道感染症状或发烧时，应戴上口罩，并及早求医。

Source      :     Centre for Health Protection of the Department of Health, ffice:smarttags" />Hong Kong

资料来源   :  香港卫生署卫生防护中心

世界卫生组织已经宣布全球进入紧急状态

老外就是脆弱啊，想当年俺们天朝挂了2k，也不见什么“紧急状态”