Human Rights as the Credit Rights:
A Non-western Theory of Universal Human Rights
ZHAO, Tingyang
Key words: natural human rights, credit human rights, ontology of relations, justice, theory of game ( http://www.tecn.cn )
Abstract:
By virtue of a meta-theoretical analysis on the ideas of human rights, the author creates and argues a concept of the credit human rights as a better concept of human rights, by which the natural human rights have been argued a theoretical failure by its self-defeated logic. According to his theory of credit human rights, every person is born to receive the credit human rights equally, but to enjoy them conditionally. One has to accomplish his obligations logically implied by the rights so as to keep his rights. And he will be regarded to have abandoned automatically the rights if he refuses or abuses his obligations. In terms of the justice of the symmetry of rights-to-obligations, the claim of natural rights is accused of being the betrayal of the natural rightness. ( http://www.tecn.cn )
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[1] “预付人权”的初步构思最早见于我的《论可能生活》(1994),又有短文发表于《哲学研究》(1996/9)。开始称为“有偿人权”,也称“预付人权”,现在统一为“预付人权”,因为它与“天赋人权”的对比性更加清楚一些。“预付人权”这个概念的英文翻译似乎并不容易,在欧洲讲演时我曾经把它译成conditional human rights,显然不够好,现在的credit human rights这个比较传神的翻译是黄平先生帮我确定的。关于“预付人权”观点,先后有邱本、王海明和石勇等多位先生提出批评和商榷,特别是石勇先生的两篇长论文,分析尤其细致。谨向诸君致谢。现在对这个理论有了更严格和更深入的想法,在此再次征求意见。事实上在写作本文时,黄平先生和张宇燕先生在策略分析、公共选择和博弈分析等问题上已经提出了许多宝贵意见,特此表示感谢。 ( http://www.tecn.cn )
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[8] 康德的“绝对命令”是这样说的:Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. ( http://www.tecn.cn )
[9] 参见Alan Gewirth: Human Rights: Essays on Justification and Applications, University of Chicago Press, 1982. ( http://www.tecn.cn )
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[11] 参见霍尔姆斯和桑斯坦:《权利的成本:为什么自由依赖于税》,北京大学出版社,2004。
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[13] 参见Levinas: Totality and Infinity, Martinus Nijhoff, 1979.
[14] 参见Regan and Singer eds: Animal Rights and Human Obligations, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prince-hall, 1989. 以及Singer: Animal Liberation, New York Review/Random House, 1990. ( http://www.tecn.cn )
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[17] 可以看作是休谟定理。休谟证明了:人类所拥有的知识永远是截止至现在的关于世界的部分知识,因此,永远不可能由此推出关于世界的整体和未来的知识。 ( http://www.tecn.cn )
[18] 德沃金:《认真对待权利》,中国大百科全书出版社,1998,导论p.6。